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中学化学中含羰基的化合物有五类:醛酮;羧酸;酯;酰胺。它们都含有相同的官能团羰基,理应都有羰基的性质,实际上它们的性质有明显的差异。这是因为羰基碳原子上还连接着其它的原子或原子团。这些原子或原子团影响、制约了羰基。由于所连接的原子或原子团不同,影响的程度不同,从而各自表现出自己的特性。一、羰基化合物加成反应的特点羰基上的碳氧双键和碳碳双键一样,也是由一个ο键和一个π键所组成。由于π键的不稳定,羰基也应发生加成反应。但碳氧双键毕竟不是碳碳双键,由于氧原子的电负性比碳原子大,电子云就不能对称地分布在碳原子和氧原子中间,而是靠近氧原子一端。这样,氧原子就带上了部分负电荷,碳原子带部分正电荷。
There are five types of chemical compounds containing carbonyls in high school chemistry: aldehydes and ketones; carboxylic acids; esters; amides. They all contain the same functional group carbonyl, should have the nature of the carbonyl, in fact, their properties are significantly different. This is because the carbonyl carbon atoms are also connected to other atoms or atomic groups. The influence of these atoms or atomic groups, constraining the carbonyl. Due to the different atomic or atomic groups attached, the degree of influence varies so that each exhibits its own characteristics. First, the carbonyl addition reaction characteristics Carbonyl oxygen and carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon double bonds, but also by an o key and a π bond. Due to the instability of the π bond, the carbonyl should undergo addition reactions. However, after all, the carbon-oxygen double bond is not a carbon-carbon double bond, because the oxygen atom is more electronegative than the carbon atom, the electron cloud can not be symmetrically distributed between the carbon atom and the oxygen atom, but near one end of the oxygen atom. In this way, the oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge and the carbon atom carries a partially positive charge.