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英国古典经济学家亚当·斯密曾有一个关于制针的论述:过去最优秀制造扣针的工人,采取“一包到底”生产模式,1人1天最多生产20枚针。后来把制造全过程分解为拉直铁丝、切截、削尖、打磨、涂白色、包装等18道工序,由10个工人各负责1至2道工序,日产量猛增到48000枚,人均劳动生产率一跃为原来的240倍。从就业角度来看,过去“一包到底”生产模式,只有优秀的熟练技术工人才能胜任,而把制造全过程分解为18道工序,10名普通工人经过短期培训就可胜任,这等于新创造了10倍于过去的就业机会。
Adam Smith, a British classical economist, once gave an account of the needles: In the past, the best needle-manufacturing workers adopted a “one pack in the end” mode of production, with one person producing up to 20 needles a day. Later, the whole manufacturing process was broken down into 18 processes such as straightening, cutting, sharpening, sharpening, coating with white color and packaging. 10 workers were responsible for 1 to 2 processes, the daily output soared to 48,000 and average per capita labor Productivity jumped 240 times. From an employment point of view, in the past, only the best skilled workers were able to handle the “one package in the end” mode of production. However, the entire manufacturing process was decomposed into 18 processes. Ten ordinary workers were qualified to undergo short-term training, which was equal to Newly created 10 times the employment opportunities in the past.