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人类对宇宙的认识大体上经历了三个主要的里程碑。1543年,波兰天文学家哥白尼推翻了统治人们思想长达1400年的托勒密地心学说,提出了日心学说,正确地认识了太阳系的结构和地球在太阳系中的地位。1785年,英国天文学家威廉·赫歇尔在大量实测工作的基础上,建立了第一个银河系模型,从而把人们的视野从太阳系扩大到恒星世界。1924年,美国天文学家哈勃通过观测和分析确认,在银河系之外还存在着许许多多与银河系相仿的庞大的恒星系统,这就是河外星系,简称星系。目前知道,在广袤的宇宙空间中,河外星系的数目多达以百亿计,而最远的星系离开我们的距离超过100亿光年(1 光年约等于10万亿千米)。
The human understanding of the universe has gone through three major milestones. In 1543, the Polish astronomer Copernicus overthrew Ptolemy’s doctrine of the domination of the ruler’s mind for 1,400 years and proposed the heliocentric theory, correctly understanding the structure of the solar system and the position of the Earth in the solar system. In 1785, British astronomer William Herschel built the first model of the Milky Way on the basis of a large number of actual measurements, thus expanding people’s horizons from the solar system to the stellar world. In 1924, American astronomer Hubble confirmed through observation and analysis that there are many huge star systems similar to the Milky Way in the Milky Way. This is the extragalactic galaxy, or galaxy for short. It is known that in the vast space of the universe, the number of extragalactic galaxies is as many as 10 billion, and the farthest galaxy is more than 10 billion light-years away from us (1 light-year equals to 10 trillion kilometers).