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新中国成立以来,我国经济体制在不断变迁,从过渡时期市场经济与计划经济外部混合阶段(1949～1956年),到计划经注阶段(1956～1978年),再到有汁划的商品经济阶段(1978～1992年),直至目前的社会主义市场经济阶段(1992年以来),其中尤为引人注目的是所有制结构的变迁,反映了不同历史背景下的不同要求,也反映了人们对所有制问题认识的深化过程。本文着重分析社会主义、公有制和国有制三者的关系,并评述我国对此的探索与实践。 (一) 19世纪中叶,马克思恩格斯设想,由于生产社会化和生产资料资本家私人占有之间的矛盾日益尖锐,资本主义制度已成为生产力发展的羁绊,最终,无产阶级革命将在发达的资本主义国家同时取得胜利。然而,本世纪的社会主义实践却表明,无产阶级革命不是在全世界同时取得胜利,而是在一部分资本主义不发达的国家率先取得胜利。在这种条件下诞生的社会主义社会,生产力水平仍然很低,物质生活也很贫困。尽管这一状况与马克思恩格斯的预言相去甚远,但由于社会主义总是以公有制为基本特征,社会主义的优越性总是需要公有制来体现,所以,我国选择了社会主义道路,自然也要选择公有制,两者是密切联系的。
Since the founding of New China, China’s economic system has undergone constant changes. From the period of the external mixing of market economy and planned economy during the transitional period (1949-1956) to the stage of planned economic period (1956-1978) and then to the commodity economy (1978-1992) until the present stage of socialist market economy (since 1992). Of particular note are the changes in the ownership structure, which reflect different requirements in different historical contexts and also reflect the changes in the ownership of ownership Deepen the understanding of the problem. This article focuses on the analysis of the relationship between socialism, public ownership and state ownership, and comments on our exploration and practice. (1) In the mid-19th century, Marx and Engels envisaged that due to the increasingly sharp contradictions between the socialization of production and the private ownership of capitalists in the means of production, the capitalist system has become the fetter of the development of the productive forces. Ultimately, the proletarian revolution will, in developed capitalist countries At the same time to win. However, the socialist practice of this century shows that the proletarian revolution did not triumph throughout the world at the same time, but took the lead in triumphs in some underdeveloped capitalist countries. Under the conditions of the birth of a socialist society, the level of productivity is still low, material life is also very poor. Although this situation is far from the prophecy of Marx and Engels, since socialism always takes public ownership as the basic characteristic and the superiority of socialism always needs public ownership, our country has chosen the socialist road and naturally has to choose Public ownership, the two are closely linked.